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共同海损实例介绍

发布时间:2022年3月3日

基本案情

 

航次:国内港口至韩国港口

事故:长江内航行时与他船发生碰撞,导致船体破损进水,船舶在拖轮护航下进附近港口,其后靠码头卸下货物暂存,船舶转港去舟山修船;修理完成后返回避难港,重新装货后,继续原航程。

 

索赔:船东就碰撞损坏修理费用以单独海损向船舶保险人提出索赔;同时提出,由于修理需要卸货,船舶保险人应该以其为修理费用一部分给予赔偿。

 

争议:船舶保险人认为,卸货费用属于共同海损,船舶保险人只能承担相关共同海损的船舶分摊部分,不能将此作为单独海损全部赔付。

 

不同意见摘录:

一、船东律师意见:

“…倾向性认为此装卸费用不属于共同海损。

 

首先,需要区分共同危险和可能的风险。构成共同海损需要船货面临着共同危险,而且此种危险必须是真实的、必然的,而非将来面临的可能风险。如果说因为船舶和货物面临着可预见的仅仅是可能发生的风险就可以构成共同海损所要求的共同危险的要件,那么,出此推导出的结论就是,只要船舶装有货物,船货就处于共同危险中。因为,无论是否发生事故,船货自从货物装载于船舶时,船货面临着可能遭遇自然灾害、发生意外事故等风险,这些风险都是在未来的航程中可以预见的可能面临的风险。如此,自货物装于船舶后产生的费用,均可能被认为属于共同海损,例如在航行过程中船员需要对出现故障的副机进行修理、再如对于出现松动的货物重新绑扎等,只要还满足共同海损的其他构成要件。显然,这不是共同海损所谓的共同危险。也即,共同危险并不是可能的风险,而是如果不采取相应的措施,船货必然遭受的危险。而本案中,虽有碰撞事故的发生,但船舶仅仅是球鼻首受损,并未致船舶和货物面临必然的共同危险,可以说,如果不修理,船货共同航行至目的地都不必然发生意外。因此,我们认为,此种情况下,并不能构成共同海损。

 

其次,不应因为船检要求修理即认为船货具有共同海损所要求的共同危险。船检的要求仅是其从行政管理的角度要求船舶达到相关法律法规等规定条件,最大限度地避免因船舶本身存在缺陷而发生事故的可能性,并不代表船货面临着必然的共同危险。本案中,船舶的球鼻首受损,虽然不满足船检继续完成航程的要求,但并不代表如果船舶不修理,船货必然遭受危险而无法到达原定目的港。

 

再次,共同海损是一整套制度,有其内存的逻辑,即应根据产生牺牲或费用的行为是否构成共同海损,进而判断该牺牲或费用是否属于共同海损,而不应反过来,以该费用属于共同海损所可能包括的牺牲或费用类型,倒推产生该牺牲或费用的行为构成共同海损。

 

最后,货物的装卸是修理而必然产生的费用。根据贵司介绍,船舶根据情况需要进干坞修理,而众所周知,船舶重载无法进干坞。因此而产生的装卸费用,显然属于与修理有关的必然产生的费用,而不属于共同海损。

 

综上,我们倾向性认为,本案中修理前后的装卸费用不属于共同海损,而应属于与修理有关的必要费用。

 

二、海损理算师意见

 

1、基本意见

此案为典型的共同海损案件,属于船舶在事故后为了安全完成航程而卸货,转港修理,相关费用根据运输合同中理算规则规定,可以认入共同海损。

 

2、共同海损理算基础

根据所提供的事故航次的提单,承运人为xxxxxx,由装货港代理代为签署。由于没有舱单,我们推测该航次所有提单都属于同一格式。

 

1)下面是提单背面条款中的内容:

 

其中文意思为:共同海损和新杰森条款1)共同海损应该根据1974年约克-安特卫普规则,在承运人选择的港口或地点理算,陈述及结算。

 

因此,本案共同海损应该根据1974年约克安特卫普规则理算。

 

2)规则中相关内容

在该规则中,有如下的规定:

RULE OF INTERPRETATION  解释规则

In the adjustment of general average thefollowing lettered and numbered Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Lawand Practice inconsistent therewith.

共同海损理算,适用下列字母规则和数字规则,凡与这些规则相抵触的法律和惯例都不适用。

 

Except as provided by the numbered Rules,general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.

除数字规则已有规定者外,共同海损应按字母规则理算。

 

RULE X. EXPENSES AT PORT OF REFUGE, ETC.

规则十在避难港等地的费用

(a)When a ship shall have entered a port orplace of refuge or shall have returned to her port or place of loading in consequenceof accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances, which render thatnecessary for the common safety, the expenses of entering such port or placeshall be admitted as general average; and when she shall have sailed thencewith her original cargo, or a part of it, the corresponding expenses of leavingsuch port or place consequent upon such entry or return shall likewise beadmitted as general average.

(1)船舶因遭遇意外事故、牺牲或其他特殊情况,为了共同安全必须驶入避难港、避难地或驶回装货港、装货地时,其驶入这种港口或地点的费用,应认作共同海损;其后该船舶装载原装货物或其一部分驶出该港口或地点的相应费用,也应认作共同海损。

 

When a ship is at any port or place of refugeand is necessarily removed to another port or place because repairs cannot becarried out in the first port or place, the provisions of this Rule shall beapplied to the second port or place as if it were a port or place of refuge andthe cost of such removal including temporary repairs and towage shall beadmitted as general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be applied to theprolongation of the voyage occasioned by such removal.

船舶在某一避难港或避难地不能进行修理而需转移到另一港口或地点时,此第二港口或地点应视作避难港或避难地适用本条的规定。此项转移费用,包括临时修理和拖带费用,应作为共同海损。因此项转移而引起的航程延长,适用规则十一的规定。

 

(b)The cost of handling on board ordischarging cargo, fuel or stores whether at a port or place of loading, callor refuge, shall be admitted as general average, when the handling or dischargewas necessary for the common safety or to enable damage to the ship caused bysacrifice or accident to be repaired, if the repairs were necessary for thesafe prosecution of the voyage, except in cases where the damage to the ship isdiscovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or otherextraordinary circumstances connected with such damage having taken placeduring the voyage.

2)在装货、停靠或避难港口或地点在船上搬移或卸下货物、燃料或物料的费用,应认作共同海损,如果这种搬移或卸载是共同安全所必需,或者是为了使船舶因牺牲或意外事故所造成的损坏得以修理,而且此项修理是安全地完成航程所必需的。但如果船舶的损坏是在装货或停靠港口或地点发现的,而且航程中没有发生过与此项损坏有关的任何意外事故或其他特殊情况,则不在此列。

 

The cost of handling on board or dischargingcargo, fuel or stores shall not be admissible as general average when incurredsolely for the purpose of restowage due to shifting during the voyage, unlesssuch restowage is necessary for the common safety.

只是为了重新积载在航程中移动的货物而产生的在船上搬移或卸下货物、燃料或物料的费用,除非该项重新积载是共同安全所必需的,不得认作共同海损。

 

(c) Whenever the cost of handling ordischarging cargo, fuel or stores is admissible as general average, the costsof storage, including insurance if reasonably incurred, reloading and stowingof such cargo, fuel or stores shall likewise be admitted as general average.

3)当货物、燃料或物料的搬移或卸载费用可认作共同海损时,该货物、燃料或物料的存储费,包括合理支付的保险费、重装费和积载费也应认作共同海损。

 

But when the ship is condemned or does notproceed on her original voyage, storage expenses shall be admitted as generalaverage only up to the date of the ship's condemnation or of the abandonment ofthe voyage or up to the date of completion of discharge of cargo if thecondemnation or abandonment takes place before that date.

但是,如果船舶报废或不继续原定航程,认作共同海损的储存费只应计算至船舶报废或放弃航程之日为止。如果船舶在卸货完毕以前报废或放弃航程,则应计算至卸货完毕之日为止。

 

RULE XI. WAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF CREW AND OTHEREXPENSES BEARING UP FOR AND IN A PORT OF REFUGE, ETC.

规则十一驶往和停留在避难港等地的船员工资、给养和其他费用

(a)Wages and maintenance of master, officersand crew reasonably incurred and fuel and stores consumed during theprolongation of the voyage occasioned by a ship entering a port or place ofrefuge or returning to her port or place of loading shall be admitted asgeneral average when the expenses of entering such port or place are allowablein general average in accordance with Rule X(a).

1 如果船舶驶入避难港、避难地或驶回装货港、装货地的费用依照规则十(1)的规定可认作共同海损,则由此而引起的航程延长期间合理产生的船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资、给养和消耗的燃料、物料,也应认作共同海损。

 

(b)When a ship shall have entered or beendetained in any port or place in consequence of accident, sacrifice or otherextraordinary circumstances which render that necessary for the common safety,or to enable damage to the ship caused by sacrifice or accident to be repaired,if the repairs were necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage, the wagesand maintenance of the master, officers and crew reasonably incurred during theextra period of detention in such port or place until the ship shall or shouldhave been made ready to proceed upon her voyage, shall be admitted in generalaverage.

2)由于意外事故、牺牲或其他特殊情况,船舶驶入或停留在任何港口或地点,如果是为了共同安全的需要,或者是为了使船舶因牺牲或意外事故所造成的损坏得以修理,而且此项修理是安全地完成航程所必需的,则在此种港口或地点额外停留期间,直至该船舶完成或应能完成继续航行的准备工作之时为止合理产生的船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资和给养应认入共同海损。

 

Provided that when damage to the ship isdiscovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or otherextraordinary circumstance connected with such damage having taken place duringthe voyage, then the wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew andfuel and stores consumed during the extra detention for repairs to damages sodiscovered shall not be admissible as general average, even if the repairs arenecessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage.

如果船舶的损坏是在装货或停靠港口或地点发现的,而且航程中没有发生过与此项损坏有关的任何意外事故或其他特殊情况,则在修理上述损坏的额外停留期间所支付的船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资、给养和消耗的燃料、物料不得认作共同海损,即使这项修理是安全的完成航程所必需的。

 

When the ship is condemned or does notproceed on her original voyage, wages and maintenance of the master, officersand crew and fuel and stores consumed shall be admitted as general average onlyup to the date of the ship's condemnation or of the abandonment of the voyageor up to the date of completion of discharge of cargo if the condemnation orabandonment take place before that date.

如果船舶报废或不继续原定航程,认作共同海损的船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资、给养和消耗的燃料、物料,只应计算至船舶报废或放弃航程之日为止;

如果船舶在卸货完毕以前报废或放弃航程,则应计算至卸货完毕之日为止。

 

Fuel and stores consumed during the extraperiod of detention shall be admitted as general average, except such fuel andstores as are consumed in effecting repairs not allowable in general average. 

额外停留期间消耗的燃料、物料,应作为共同海损,但为进行不属于共同海损的修理所消耗的燃料、物料除外。

 

Port charges incurred during the extra periodof detention shall likewise be admitted as general average except such chargesas are incurred solely by reason of repairs not allowable in general average.

额外停留期间的港口费用也应认作共同海损,但仅为进行不属于共同海损的修理而支付的港口费用除外。

 

(c)For the purpose of this and the otherRules wages shall include all payments made to or for the benefit of themaster, officers and crew, whether such payments be imposed by law upon theshipowners or be made under the terms of articles of employment. 

3)本条和其他各条所称的工资应包括付给船长、高级船员和一般船员或为他们的利益而支付的一切款项,不论这种款项是法律规定由船东支付的或者是根据雇佣条件支付的。

 

(d) When overtime is paid to the master,officers or crew for maintenance of the ship or repairs, the cost of which isnot allowable in general average, such overtime shall be allowed in generalaverage only up to the saving in expense which would have been incurred andadmitted as general average, had such overtime not been incurred.

(4)为保养或修理船舶付给船长、高级船员和一般船员加班费时,如果这种保养或修理费用不可认入共同海损,认入共同海损的加班费的数额,进以加班所节省的如不支付此项加班费本应并认入共同海损的费用为限。

 

3)具体说明

根据解释规则,共同海损理算中,应优先考虑数字规则中的规定。数字规则与字母规则有冲突的,以数字规则规定为准。

 

这样,对于本案中发生的费用,可以同规则中的规定形成对照:

值得注意的是,根据规则规定,卸货相关费用认入共同海损的基础是,为了安全完成航程所需要的修理需要卸货。

 

三、评论

本人认为,

今天,在运输合同中大多都有共同海损条款,法律中也有规定,规定了共同海损理算应适用合同中约定的理算规则,合同中没有约定的,应适用于目的港法律。 而各国家的法律中也对共同海损理算有一定的规定。

 

 

共同海损更多地说应该是一种制度,这种制度通过合同中约定理算规则来完成实施。而我们市场上对此制度的理解有一定的偏差,人们经常以所谓的共同海损原则来衡量问题,经常提出所谓的‘共同海损是否成立’的问题,并以此来衡量单个案件中的共同海损分摊责任。然而,在实务上实施作用的是共同海损的理算,而理算是依据规则或法律来进行,规则中对一些特定损失和费用是否可以作为共同海损是有其独立性的。所以不能够忽略理算规则的作用。